Forest fires occur within wooded areas and can affect extensive regions of natural vegetation, protected areas, national parks, and productive forest ecosystems.

Forest fires often exhibit complex behaviour due to interactions between vegetation, terrain, weather conditions, and fire dynamics.

Potential consequences include:

• Loss of human life;

• Destruction of property;

• Damage to critical infrastructure;

• Biodiversity loss;

• Soil degradation;

• Water resource impacts;

• Air quality deterioration;

• Economic losses.

Modern forest fire management increasingly relies on:

• Satellite monitoring;

• Fire danger forecasting;

• UAV reconnaissance;

• Fire propagation modelling;

• Real-time situational awareness systems;

• Cross-border cooperation mechanisms.

Integrated fire management approaches combine prevention, preparedness, suppression, and ecological restoration activities.